Sports Massage for Athletic Performance
/
Sports Massage for Athletic Performance
The goal of performance support is ensuring that athletes possess the health, physical and mental capacities necessary to compete at the top level. Which can be a challenge, due to the number of variables can effect athletic performance (eg. fatigue, recovery, training status, health and well-being).
Additionally, any athlete competing at a high level is often subjected to strict doping regulations. Which is why athletes often look for non-pharmacological ways to support athletic performance. Examining the basic science behind massage therapy and the guiding principles of adaptability enables us speculate how specific and nonspecific effects of massage can support athletic performance.
Massage Therapy Can Ease The Pain of Overexertion
As a non-pharmacological intervention massage therapy has been shown to be an effective way to relieve pain, decrease stress and promote overall well-being.
The responses to massage therapy are multifactorial - physiological and psychological factors interplay in a complex manner. A biopsychosocial framework is a practical approach for investigating the complex interplay between massage therapy and the determinants of health, athletic performance and pain. In terms of optimizing athletic performance treatments may benefit athletes with the following conditions.
Low Back Pain
Which new recommendations from The Canadian Medical Association (Traeger et al. 2017) and The American College of Physicians (Chou et al. 2017, Qaseem et al. 2017). Physicians, now more than ever are recommending massage therapy and exercise as part of a multi-modal approach for patients suffering from low back pain.
Neck Pain
For athletes who suffer a whiplash injury or ongoing neck pain, there is an increasing amount of research that supports the use of soft tissue based manual therapy treatment (Basson et al. 2017, Bussières et al. 2016, Cohen et al. 2017 Nahin et al. 2016)
Tension Type Headaches
There is good supporting literature for patients who suffer headaches. With massage therapy the goal is to decrease the individual’s headache frequency, intensity, headache duration and acute medication requirements (Ferragut-Garcías et al. 2016, Nahin et al. 2016).
Temporomandibular Dysfunction (TMD)
Therapeutic effects of intra-oral and extra-oral massage, and self-care management of temporomandibular dysfunction has been demonstrated in a number of randomized control trials and systematic reviews (Martins et al. 2016, Randhawa et al. 2015).
Lateral Epicondylitis
There are a number of papers supporting the use of massage for 'tennis elbow' (Piper et al. 2016, Sutton et al. 2016).
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Conservative treatments have shown to improve symptoms, decrease disability and improve function (Huisstede et al. 2017). For some patients there is no significant differences in pain and functional outcomes at 6 and 12 months between surgery and conservative treatments (Fernández-de-Las Peñas et al. 2017).
Shoulder Pain
A number of papers have demonstrated the effects of soft tissue mobilization and stretching for a number of shoulder injuries (Hawk et al. 2017, Steuri, et al. 2017). In terms of athletic performance, an understanding of neurological increases in stretch tolerance AND changes in passive properties of muscle may help design rehabilitation programs for overhead athletes.
Hip Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis of the hip is common in the general population, manual therapy and oscillatory joint mobilization has an effect on supraspinal processes which influence nociceptive processing and therefore OA-related pain (Cibulka et al. 2017).
Knee Osteoarthritis
Like hip osteoarthritis, degenerative meniscus and osteoarthritis of the knee is common in the general population. Sensitization of nociceptive pathways may result in patients with OA perceiving relatively low level stimuli as being overtly painful. Manual therapy and oscillatory joint mobilization has an effect on supraspinal processes which influence nociceptive processing and therefore OA-related pain (Ali et al. 2017, Salamh et al. 2017, Xu et al. 2017).
Patellofemoral Pain
A recent systematic review published in JOSPT suggests that treatment of the patellofemoral joint, surrounding soft tissues, and/or lumbospelvic region may help ease pain associated with petellofemoral syndrome (Eckenrode et al. 2018).
Plantar Heel Pain
Plantar heel pain (aka. plantar fasciitis) is particularly common in runners, it is generally described as sharp or stabbing, and worse in the morning. The pain can decrease with activity, but can return after long periods of standing or after getting up from a seated position. There is evidence that joint mobilization, calf massage stretching and eccentric loading is helpful in improving function and reducing plantar heel pain (Piper et al. 2016, Sutton et al. 2016).
Ankle Sprain
Following initial injury there is a risk of re-injury, this is dependent on a combination of factors, including: sensorimotor deficits and changes in ankle biomechanics. There is evidence that plantar massage & joint mobilization enhance motor control in patients (Mckeon et al. 2016). Evidence also supports a protocol involving proprioceptive and strengthening exercises as well as manual therapy (mobilizations to influence joint and nerve structures) for pain, swelling and function (Doherty et al. 2017).
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Recent systematic reviews suggest that massage therapy is effective for delayed onset muscle soreness (Guo et al. 2017).
More to Explore
Arvinen-Barrow, M., Massey, W.V., Hemmings, B. (2014). Role of sport medicine professionals in addressing psychosocial aspects of sport-injury rehabilitation: professional athletes' views. J Athl Train.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243737
Bayer, M.L., Magnusson, S.P., Kjaer, M (2017). Early versus Delayed Rehabilitation after Acute Muscle Injury. N Engl J Med.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28953439
Best, T. M., & Crawford, S. K. (2017). Massage and postexercise recovery: The science is emerging. British Journal of Sports Medicine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797730
Forsdyke, D., Smith, A., Jones, M., Gledhill, A. (2016). Psychosocial factors associated with outcomes of sports injury rehabilitation in competitive athletes: a mixed studies systematic review. Br J Sports Med.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887414
Guo, J., Li, L., Gong, Y., Zhu, R., Xu, J., Zou, J., Chen, X. (2017). Massage Alleviates Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after Strenuous Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol. (OPEN ACCESS)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29021762
Hainline, B., Turner, J.A., Caneiro, J.P., Stewart, M., Lorimer Moseley G. (2017). Pain in elite athletes-neurophysiological, biomechanical and psychosocial considerations: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28827315
Ivarsson, A., Tranaeus, U., Johnson, U., Stenling, A. (2017). Negative psychological responses of injury and rehabilitation adherence effects on return to play in competitive athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Access J Sports Med.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28331375
Ivarsson, A., Johnson, U., Andersen, M. B., Tranaeus, U., Stenling, A., & Lindwall, M. (2017). Psychosocial Factors and Sport Injuries: Meta-analyses for Prediction and Prevention. Sports Medicine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27406221
Kennedy, A.B., Patil, N., Trilk, J.L. (2018). ‘Recover quicker, train harder, and increase flexibility’: massage therapy for elite paracyclists, a mixedmethods study. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. (OPEN ACCESS)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29387449
Nunes, G. S., Bender, P. U., Menezes, F. S., Yamashitafuji, I., Vargas, V. Z., & Wageck, B. (2016). Massage therapy decreases pain and perceived fatigue after long-distance Ironman triathlon: A randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy. (Open Access)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27025688
Pol, R., Hristovski, R., Medina, D., Balague, N. (2018). From microscopic to macroscopic sports injuries. Applying the complex dynamic systems approach to sports medicine: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29674346
Timpka, T., Jacobsson, J., ... Alonso, J.M. (2017). Preparticipation predictors for championship injury and illness: cohort study at the Beijing 2015 International Association of Athletics Federations World Championships. Br J Sports Med.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27827793
Sporer, B.C., Windt, J. (2018). Integrated performance support: facilitating effective and collaborative performance teams. Br J Sports Med.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28827217
Van Hooren, B., Peake, J.M. (2018). Do We Need a Cool-Down After Exercise? A Narrative Review of the Psychophysiological Effects and the Effects on Performance, Injuries and the Long-Term Adaptive Response. Sports Med. (OPEN ACCESS)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29663142
Venhorst, A., Micklewright, D., Noakes, T.D. (2017). Towards a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28835409
Wallwork, S.B., Bellan, V., Moseley, G.L. (2017). Applying Current Concepts in Pain-Related Brain Science to Dance Rehabilitation. J Dance Med Sci.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284238
Wallwork, S., Bellan, V., Catley, M., & Moseley, G. (2016). Neural representations and the cortical body matrix: Implications for sports medicine and future directions. Br J Sports Med.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26682866